Segregation of Blacks
The first African slaves were brought to America in 1619, and most pro-slavery states were in the south (the Confederacy). And even after the declaration of independence in 1776, slavery wasn't abolished. It was abolished by the emancipation proclamation (signed by Lincoln) in 1863 during the Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy (1861-1865). Moreover with the 14th Amendment (1868), the notion of equality between Blacks and Whites was born. Nevertheless some people didn't like that, and decided to form the Ku Klux Klan in 1866. At the beginning, it was a legal organization, but in 1871, it was officially outlawed because of their violent actions. But the root of discrimination didn't disappear, it was confirmed with the practices of “Jim Crow laws” in 1883, and their legalization in 1896 through the support of the Supreme Court. It marked the beginning of the segregation of the Blacks, they didn't have the right to use the same bathrooms, schools, buses … and the quality of their facilities was always terrible. But thanks to the Civil Right Movement in the 1960s and Martin Luther King, in 1964 the “Jim Crow Laws” were forbidden. The Civil Right Movement's goal was to desegregate public accomodations, to give to Blacks (Ici non plus, je n'arrive pas à identifier ma faute.) the right to vote, to win protection against intimidation … in other words to give them the same rights as the Whites. Its strategies were based on non-violent actions like boycotts, marches, sit-ins… And in the 1960s, it was also the beginning of the Affirmative Action Practices. An official policy was introduced in the US, favouring minorities in job hiring or college admissions. But, today, the Americans are divided about this pratice and often criticize it as being “reverse discrimination”. Therefore, in 2002, the Supreme Court had begun to re-examine this highly debatable issue for future judgment. Finally this age of discrimination and segregation is described in some books like The Measure of a Man by Sidney Poitier or also American Chica of Marie Arana.
The racial segregation
The racial segregation is a following of the American civil war. The racial segregation lasts 92 years. It’s a dark period of the history of the Unites States. During it the black people was put aside the society. They couldn’t get married with white people. The children didn’t go to the same school that the white people. They were obliged to sit down of the back of the bus. They didn’t drink at the same water dispenser, they have to go in restaurant do for them, go to the beach for “colored persons” This was a law named Jim Crow. The December 1st of 1955 Rosa Parks a black American woman sits on the places reserved to the white people in the bus. To have made it she was judged and had a fine of 15 dollars. She was born on February 4th on 1913 and dead October 24th of 2005. Following it Martin Luther decided to do a boycott of the bus of Montgomery. The boycott was pacific. During three thousand and eighty one day any black person took the bus. Following it the constitution decides of delete the Jim Crow’s Law but they keep being applied. So Martin Luther King does a lot of speech about it. He was supported by John F. Kennedy. He said her famous speech the 15th January of 1929 “I have a dream” in front of the Lincoln memorial during the walking for the work and freedom. Where he shows his desire and his hope of a brotherly and without distinction United States. He was assassin the same day of the walking for the black freedom by a ball in the jaw. It was a white people who wanted keep the segregation.
There was too Malcolm X it was a preacher Muslim and afro-American. He is known for defending the black people during the racial segregation.
